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عمران::
سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی
Geographic Information System (GIS) tools are often used in these types of analyses to produce maps of locations at risk and several examples are presented in later sections and chapters (see Box 1.2 for example).
For the more complex approaches, the analyses are often performed with the assis- tance of digital terrain models and Geographic Information System (GIS) tools.
The results are often presented as flood risk maps and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are widely used in these types of analyses, supported by high resolution digital terrain models.
In some countries, map-based (GIS) decision-support tools are sometimes used
To help with interpreting and presenting information, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are widely used and the resulting maps are increasingly published on websites (e.g. see Box 9.1).
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